Cycling - What works?

Author: Alan Rehfisch

PDF Published: Thursday 26 Apr 2018 (SB 18-31)

Expand
Overview
Report

Hide

Hide

Overview
Report
- Executive Summary
- Introduction
- Literature Review
  - The role of public policy
  - Concerns about research into cycling interventions
  - Improved analysis of cycling interventions
  - Other factors that influence cycle use
- Case study: A Closer look at the growth of cycle commuting in Edinburgh
  - Methodology
- Case study: Edinburgh cycle modal share
- Case study: Growth of cycle modal share in Edinburgh - controlling for other factors
  - Gender
  - Age
  - Socio-economic groups
  - Geography and other factors
  - Underlying issues
  - Conclusion
- Case study: Assessment of City of Edinburgh Council action to encourage cycle commuting
  - Long term, strong pro-cycling political and official leadership at a national and local level
  - Cycling is seen as a legitimate transport choice and accorded appropriate physical infrastructure and policy priority
  - Plans are in place for the development and maintenance of a comprehensive cycle network focused on facilitating everyday cycling
  - Cycle networks are based on clear design standards aimed at ensuring direct, obstacle free travel
  - There is a willingness to reallocate road and parking space to cycling infrastructure
  - Driving is discouraged in city and town centres as a matter of policy
  - Increasing cycling is part of an approach to reducing the modal share of private cars, integrating with public transport – rather than abstracting passengers
  - Cycle promotion is pursued in tandem with infrastructure development and is targeted at people from all parts of society over a sustained period of time
  - Land use planning policies encourage compact towns and cities and mixed use developments, which allow for shorter trips that are easily made by bike
  - Case study: Survey of Edinburgh cycle commuters
    
    How representative are the results
    
    Importance of different types of cycle infrastructure in decision to commute by bike
    
    Importance of signposted routes
    
    Importance of cycle promotion schemes
  - Case study: Edinburgh cycle commuter focus group
    
    Cycle Infrastructure
    
    Signposted routes
    
    Cycle Promotion
  - Case study conclusions
Sources

Image: Case study: Edinburgh cycle modal share

Image: Geography and other factors

Image: Cycling is seen as a legitimate transport choice and accorded appropriate physical infrastructure and policy priority

Image: Plans are in place for the development and maintenance of a comprehensive cycle network focused on facilitating everyday cycling

Image: Driving is discouraged in city and town centres as a matter of policy

Image: Increasing cycling is part of an approach to reducing the modal share of private cars, integrating with public transport – rather than abstracting passengers

Image: Importance of different types of cycle infrastructure in decision to commute by bike

Image: Importance of signposted routes

Transport Scotland. (2017, January). Cycling Action Plan for Scotland 2017-2020. Retrieved from https://www.transport.gov.scot/media/10311/transport-scotland-policy-cycling-action-plan-for-scotland-january-2017.pdf [accessed 27 March 2018]

Transport Scotland. (2018, February). Scottish Transport Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.transport.gov.scot/publication/scottish-transport-statistics-no-36-2017-edition/ [accessed 27 March 2018]

Institute for Transportation & Development Policy and the University of California, Davis. (2015, November). A Global High Shift Cycling Scenario: The Potential for Dramatically Increasing Bicycle and E-bike Use in Cities Around the World, with Estimated Energy, CO2, and Cost Impacts. Retrieved from https://www.itdp.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/A-Global-High-Shift-Cycling-Scenario_-Nov-2015.pdf [accessed 27 March 2018]

Scottish Government. (2018, March). CLIMATE CHANGE PLAN The Third Report on Proposals and Policies 2018-2032. Retrieved from http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0053/00532096.pdf [accessed 27 March 2018]

World Health Organisation. (2016, September). Ambient (outdoor) air quality and health. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ [accessed 27 March 2018]

Scottish Government. (2017, November 8). Scottish Air Quality Database Annual Report 2016. Retrieved from http://www.scottishairquality.co.uk/assets/documents/technical%20reports/SAQD_annual_report_2016_Issue_1.pdf [accessed 27 March 2018]

Department for Transport. (2014, August). Value for Money Assessment for Cycling Grants. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/348943/vfm-assessment-of-cycling-grants.pdf [accessed 27 March 2018]

British Cycling. (2014, October). Benefits of Investing in Cycling. Retrieved from https://www.britishcycling.org.uk/zuvvi/media/bc_files/campaigning/BENEFITS_OF_INVESTING_IN_CYCLING_DIGI_FINAL.pdf [accessed 27 March 2018]

Scottish Government. (2017, October). Scottish Health Survey 2016: Volume 1: Main Report. Retrieved from http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0052/00525472.pdf [accessed 27 March 2018]

NHS Health Scotland. (2012, August). Costing the burden of ill health related to physical inactivity for Scotland. Retrieved from http://www.healthscotland.com/uploads/documents/20437-D1physicalinactivityscotland12final.pdf [accessed 27 March 2018]

Celis-Morales, C.A., Lyal, D.M., Welsh, P., Anderson, J., Steell, L., & Guo, Y. (2017, April). Association between active commuting and incident cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mortality: prospective cohort study. Retrieved from https://www.bmj.com/content/357/bmj.j1456 [accessed 27 March 2018]

Pucher, J., & Buehler, R. (2007, July). Making Cycling Irresistible: Lessons from the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01441640701806612 [accessed 27 March 2018]

Transport for London. (2014, December). International Cycling Infrastructure Best Practice Study. Retrieved from http://content.tfl.gov.uk/international-cycling-infrastructure-best-practice-study.pdf [accessed 27 March 2018]

Cycling Scotland. (2015, November). Cycling Scotland: International Comparator Study: Final Report.. Retrieved from https://www.cycling.scot/mediaLibrary/other/english/1237.pdf [accessed 2017 March 2018]

European Commission. (2014). Cycling Heroes Advancing sustainable Mobility Practice. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/energy/intelligent/projects/en/projects/champ [accessed 27 March 2018]

Pucher, J., Dill, J., & Handy, S. (2010). Infrastructure, programs, and policies to increase bicycling: an international review. [accessed 27 March 2018]

Stewart, G., Anokye, N.K., & Pokhrel, S. (2015, March). What interventions increase commuter cycling? A systematic review. Retrieved from http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/5/8/e007945.full.pdf [accessed 27 March 2018]

Rye, T., & Koglin, T. (2014, December). The marginalisation of bicycling in Modernist urban transport planning,. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214140514000747 [accessed 27 March 2018]

Heinen, E., Panter, J., Mackett, R., & Ogilvie, D. (2015, June). Changes in mode of travel to work: a natural experimental study of new transport infrastructure. Retrieved from https://ijbnpa.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12966-015-0239-8 [accessed 27 March 2018]

Ford, A., Barr, S., Dawson, R., & James, P. (n.d.) Transport Accessibility Analysis Using GIS: Assessing Sustainable Transport in London. Retrieved from http://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/4/4/2583/pdf [accessed November 2015]

Heinen, E., an Wee, B., & Maat, K. (2009, December). Commuting by Bicycle: An Overview of the Literature. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01441640903187001 [accessed 27 March 2018]

Vandenbulke, G., Dujardin, C., Thomas, I., de Geus, B., Degraeuwe, B., Meeusen, R., … Panis, L.I. (2011, February). Cycle commuting in Belgium: Spatial determinants and ‘re-cycling’ strategies. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856410001588 [accessed 27 March 2018]

Rietveld, P., & Daniel, . (2004, August). Determinants of bicycle use: do municipal policies matter?. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856404000382 [accessed 27 March 2018]

Anable, J., Schuitema, G., Susilo, Y., Aditjandra, P., Beecroft, M., & Nelson, J. (2010, June). Walking and cycling and socio-economic status in Scotland: analysis of statistical data and rapid review of the literature. Retrieved from http://www.healthscotland.com/uploads/documents/13734-REO15-WalkingAndCyclingInScotland.pdf [accessed 27 March 2018]

Steinbach, R., Green, J., Datta, J., & Edwards, P. (2011, April). Cycling and the city: A case study of how gendered, ethnic and class identities can shape healthy transport choices. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611000785?via%3Dihub [accessed 27 March 2018]

Aldred, R., Woodcock, J., & Goodman, A. (2015, February). Does more cycling mean more diversity in cycling?. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01441647.2015.1014451 [accessed 27 March 2018]

Transport for London. (2010, December). Analysis of Cycling Potential: Policy Analysis Research Report. Retrieved from http://content.tfl.gov.uk/analysis-of-cycling-potential.pdf [accessed 27 March 2018]

Gatersleben, B., & Appleton, K.M. (2007, May). Contemplating cycling to work; attitudes and perceptions in different stages of change. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856406001091 [accessed 27 March 2018]

Transport Scotland. (2018). Scottish Transport Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.transport.gov.scot/our-approach/statistics/#42763 [accessed 27 March 2018]

Transport Scotland. (2018). Transport and Travel in Scotland. Retrieved from https://www.transport.gov.scot/our-approach/statistics/#42764 [accessed 27 March 2018]

National Records of Scotland. (2018). Scotland's Census. Retrieved from http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ [accessed 27 March 2018]

Office for National Sttistics. (2018). Nomis - Official labour market statistics. Retrieved from https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/ [accessed 27 March 2018]

City of Edinburgh Council. (2016, January). Active Travel Action Plan 2016. Retrieved from http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/7130/active_travel_action_plan_2016 [accessed 27 March 2018]

Scottish Government. (2010, March). Designing Streets: A Policy Statement for Scotland. Retrieved from http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2010/03/22120652/0 [accessed 27 March 2018]

Transport Scotland. (2011, June). Cycling by Design 2010. Retrieved from https://www.transport.gov.scot/media/14173/cycling_by_design_2010__rev_1__june_2011_.pdf [accessed 27 March 2018]

City of Edinburgh Council. (2015, January). Edinburgh Street Design Guidance. Retrieved from http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/download/550/edinburgh_street_design_guidance [accessed 27 March 2018]

Pedal on Parliament. (2012, March). The Manifesto: Making Scotland a cycle-friendly nation. Retrieved from https://pedalonparliament.org/the-manifesto/ [accessed 27 March 2018]

City of Edinburgh Council. (2014). Local Transport Strategy 2014-2019. Retrieved from http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/3525/local_transport_strategy [accessed 27 March 2018]

City of Edinburgh Council. (2010). Transport 2030 Vision. Retrieved from http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/355/transport_2030_vision [accessed 27 March 2018]

City of Edinburgh Council. (2013). Census 2011 Edinburgh: Transport and Travel. Retrieved from http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/358/2011_census_transport_and_travel_topic_summary [accessed 27 March 2018]

Scottish Parliament. (2018, January). Planning (Scotland) Bill: How the planning system currently works. Retrieved from https://digitalpublications.parliament.scot/ResearchBriefings/Report/2018/1/8/Planning--Scotland--Bill--How-the-planning-system-currently-works#Legislation [accessed 27 March 2018]

Scottish Government. (2014). Scottish Planning Policy. Retrieved from http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2014/06/5823

Scottish Government. (2010, February). The Scottish Planning Policy 2010. Retrieved from http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2010/02/03132605/0 [accessed 27 March 2018]

Scottish Government. (2002, November). Scottish Planning Policy SPP1 The Planning System. Retrieved from http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2002/11/15751/12817 [accessed 27 March 2018]

Scottish Government. (2018, March). Town Centre First Principle. Retrieved from https://beta.gov.scot/policies/regeneration/town-centre-regeneration/ [accessed 27 March 2018]

SESplan. (2013, June). Strategic Development Plan. Retrieved from http://www.sesplan.gov.uk/assets/SESplan%20Strategic%20Development%20Plan%20Approved%2027%20June%202013.pdf [accessed 27 March 2018]

East Lothian Council et al. (2004). Edinburgh and the Lothians Structure Plan 2015. Retrieved from http://www.eastlothian.gov.uk/info/204/local_development_plan/231/statutory_development_plans/5 [accessed 27 March 2018]

City of Edinburgh Council. (2016, November). Edinburgh Local Development Plan. Retrieved from http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/20013/planning_and_building/66/edinburgh_local_development_plan/1 [accessed 27 March 2018]

Planning and Environmental Appeals Division. (2016, August). Case PPA-230-2152. Retrieved from https://www.dpea.scotland.gov.uk/CaseDetails.aspx?ID=115872 [accessed 27 March 2018]

Planning and Environmental Appeals Division. (2015, December). Case PPA-230-2140. Retrieved from https://www.dpea.scotland.gov.uk/CaseDetails.aspx?ID=115549 [accessed 27 March 2018]

City of Edinburgh Council. (2013, August). Consultation on Midlothian Local Development Plan Main Issues Report. Retrieved from http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/download/meetings/id/40017/item_91_midlothian_development_plan_-_main_issues_report_%E2%80%93_consultation [accessed 27 March 2018]

Derek Halden Consultancy. (2005). Identifying Through Accessibility Planning how Sustainable Growth can be achieved in the Compact City: A case study of Edinburgh. Retrieved from http://dhc1.co.uk/sustainable_growth_edinburgh [accessed 27 March 2018]

Scottish Government. (1998, December). The Gyle Impact Study - Research Findings. Retrieved from http://www.gov.scot/Publications/1998/12/5040d06d-0fdf-4b44-b40a-4d072a09500c [accessed 27 March 2018]

Department for Transport. (2017, August). British Social Attitudes Survey 2016: Public attitudes towards transport. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/640297/british-social-attitudes-survey-2016.pdf [accessed 27 March 2018]

Last Updated: 8/4 3:01pm

Image: Case study: Edinburgh cycle modal share

Image: Case study: Edinburgh cycle modal share

Image: Case study: Edinburgh cycle modal share

Image: Gender

Image: Gender

Image: Age

Image: Age

Image: Socio-economic groups

Image: Socio-economic groups

Image: Socio-economic groups

Image: Geography and other factors

Image: Cycling is seen as a legitimate transport choice and accorded appropriate physical infrastructure and policy priority

Image: Plans are in place for the development and maintenance of a comprehensive cycle network focused on facilitating everyday cycling

Image: Driving is discouraged in city and town centres as a matter of policy

Image: Increasing cycling is part of an approach to reducing the modal share of private cars, integrating with public transport – rather than abstracting passengers

Image: Increasing cycling is part of an approach to reducing the modal share of private cars, integrating with public transport – rather than abstracting passengers

Image: Importance of different types of cycle infrastructure in decision to commute by bike

Image: Importance of different types of cycle infrastructure in decision to commute by bike

Image: Importance of signposted routes

An error occured while loading, please try again in a few minutes.